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University of Technology Sydney Law Research Series |
Last Updated: 10 April 2017
Learning Plagiarism: Law Students Really Must Be Special
Professor Anita Stuhmcke
University of Technology[*]
Faculty of Law
This is a pre-publication version of an article published in (2015) Journal of the Australasian Law Teachers Association 85-93
Abstract
In an earlier volume of this journal I expressed distaste of the growing prevalence of legal educators to use rules of citation style to assist in determining whether and when a law student has plagiarised. More particularly, I framed this discussion in terms of a negative view of the over-use of style guides such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation, warning of the dangers of promoting citation style over an appreciation of academic integrity and good referencing. Rather, I opined the benefit of promoting a desire in law students to see themselves as part of a discipline of law and the motivation to see their work as contributing to the growth of that discipline. Here, in this second piece I will begin from where the first article left off. I will explore the construction of the ‘discipline of law’ as it pertains to legal referencing and citation. I note inconsistencies in legal citation rules and identify that there is no such construct as a ‘discipline of law’ when it comes to legal referencing and citation (a fact we, as legal educators, are often remiss in passing onto our law students). I consequently argue that overemphasis upon citation style by legal educators undermines our desire to produce well-rounded and ‘practice ready’ law graduates.
Part 1 Introduction
Scholarship across many disciplines supports
the view, that good referencing and avoiding plagiarism is not an absolute
science.[1] Indeed inconsistent
application of plagiarism policy and procedure across and within Australian
universities has been confirmed
by individual
academic[2] and government funded
studies.[3] Most relevantly, for this
article, these findings apply to the study of
law.[4]
At first glance the
assertion that a finding of plagiarism is neither straightforward nor inevitable
appears both strange and unfair.
Strange as in the discipline of law, style
guides such as the widely used Australian Guide to Legal Citation tell us how to
reference
and rules concerning plagiarism tell us when to reference. Unfair,
as if plagiarism is uncertain in definition and inconsistent
in application, it
follows that harsh penalties for plagiarism such as course exclusion and refusal
to admission to practice law[5] may be
applied unjustly and inequitably.
However perhaps
we[6] should not be unduly alarmed.
We can draw some comfort from the observation of Spender that
‘[P]lagiarism is not a legal issue,
it is a pedagogical issue. It is the
creation of academics’ [7] and
the wider view that the current emphasis of tertiary institutions upon
importance of plagiarism lies less in ‘empirical
fact and more in
political/ideological conviction.’
[8] In other words certainty and
consistency of approach to plagiarism may well be found within the discipline of
law due to a shared
pedagological background and universal values as to what
constitutes a good education.
But the point of this article is to show
that this is small comfort. The discipline of law lacks both certainty and
consistency in
its approach to plagiarism. This point may be evidenced to
varying degrees by factors such as: an absence of uniformity in the
understanding
of plagiarism amongst legal academics;
[9] ambiguous and even conflicting use of
rules surrounding citation; and by differential standards within the legal
profession.
So, why does this matter? In an earlier article published
in this journal[10] I argued that
the current approach to plagiarism in the legal academy is not sufficient to
prevent plagiarism, observing that ‘...[t]he
old way of doing things does
not seem to be working’.[11]
The suggestion made in that article, that law schools should promote an
appreciation of academic integrity and good referencing
in law students over and
above emphasis upon citation style, has
traction.[12] However to stop at
this point masks, or perhaps obscures the necessity for us, as legal educators,
to confess to our law students
the confusion and the conflict within the
discipline surrounding rules and norms of legal citation.
Failure to
draw out the nuances, complexities and contradictions in legal referencing
undermines the larger goal of a legal education,
being to enable law students to
actively participate and value the discipline of law – whether or not they
practice within
it. It is here that I wish to begin and finish this article, by
discussing in Part 2 selected inconsistencies in legal citation and
in Part 3
chosen conflicting messages surrounding citation which occur between the legal
profession and the legal educators. I do
this not to undermine the importance of
excellent referencing and perfect style – after all we all love to mark
assessment
pieces written with such attributes. Rather, my point is that we
will be more likely to receive such quality law student assessments
when we
impart to our students a view of plagiarism as a social construct which fits
within the social practice of academic writing.
By choosing to study law
students become part of the discipline of law. I suggest we have a
responsibility to reveal to our students
the nuanced, complex and at times
conflicting nature of legal referencing. My hope, in in doing so, is that we
will transcend the
stifling restrictions of a perfect citation style guide and
achieve the wider aims of a university education which is to ‘...serve
both an educating and a socializing
function’.[13]
Part 2 Inconsistencies in legal citation within the academy
This Part harps on a point close to my heart, as there is no utility in a uniform citation style guide such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation if the rules it contains undermine the concept of good referencing. This is the focus of this Part. It identifies a few select citation offences which we encourage our students to unwittingly partake in and then points out some of the more unnecessary rules of prescribed by the Australian Guide to Legal Citation. The aim being show the ‘nuances of citation are complicated, even though we summarize them by saying, “Give credit.”[14]
This refers to a quirky accepted practice in legal citation. This being the expectation that only the case citation will be given in student work regardless of where and even how the case sighted was found.
By way of explanation, in the discipline of law, with rare exception, the preferred style of citation is footnotes. The use of footnotes over and above the use of in text referencing systems such as Harvard is often justified by reference to the need to cite primary legal resources in legal writing, these sources being cases and statutes. The general rule in legal referencing being that the footnote should lead us to the source the writer has used – the exact source. Of course footnotes can serve a variety of other functions[15]
Footnotes are used in academic legal writing for 4 main purposes:
• To acknowledge the words and work of other authors - this is essential to avoid plagiarism
• To provide authority for assertions of fact and law
• To provide support for arguments or points in your discussion
• To provide additional information or references which may be of interest to the reader but which are not central to your discussion
A single footnote can serve more than one of these purposes.
Central to these functions is the assumption that the author has examined the sources quoted, or at least if they have not that the fact is communicated to the reader through the use of words such as “as cited by” or “as referred to in”.
An exception to this assumption is the citation of case law. While we expect students to cite the full case citation they are generally not required to also cite where the case reference was found. We may even have no expectation that they actually access or read the version of the case they cite.
Let’s pause here – as what I have just described may seem inappropriate and wrong. I agree. Indeed when a student cites Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 we may take that at face value and expect them to have read the case.[16] However if the same student refers to the case as:
both of the above citations would be incorrect. This is the case
even though each is arguably the more correct form of legal referencing.
More
correct as each citation states exactly where the student sourced the case from.
This follows the general rule of legal referencing
- that the footnote should
lead us to the source the writer has used – the exact source.
So why
then are these two examples incorrect legal referencing? The first example,
which makes clear that the student has accessed
the case from a textbook, is
incorrect precisely because it reveals that the student has not gone to the
primary source – the
case law. We, as legal educators, have an
expectation that if a student is using a case that they should have read it.
Unfortunately
for the student this expectation applies irrespective of the fact
that the student is correctly adhering to the rules of academic
integrity in
their referencing. The student has honestly stated, using correct citation
style, where they sourced the case from.
In the first example this
referencing ‘error’ by the student is not plagiarism. However it is
poor academic method.
It will most likely be viewed as lazy or sloppy work, not
academic misconduct. No doubt the ‘penalty’ applied for this
type
of reference will increase as the student travels through their degree. Indeed
by the time a student is in final year law we
would expect them to know that it
is best to just omit the textbook citation from the reference even if they have
not seen the actual
case. An educational outcome that really is so much
better.[17]
The second example is incorrect for two reasons. Firstly, as the correct citation of the case is just Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 without the URL and secondly, because if the student has gone to an electronic source such as BAILII to access the case the citation would be the medium neutral citation which is [1931] UKHL 3. Although even more confusingly when you land on the BAILII webpage for the case it tells you to cite the case as
Cite as: [1931] UKHL 3, 1932 SC (HL) 31, [1932] UKHL 100, [1932] AC 562.
even though our student would presumably not access all of these versions. Nor would we require them too. The second example is again not plagiarism yet may be penalised as poor academic method as it does not conform to the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.
Perhaps we can explain and even justify this quirky aspect of legal citation by reference to the materials being primary legal materials. Again, this argument upholds the significance of cases and statutes as primary legal materials. The expectation being that law students will always access the actual source – as this is the law. It follows that any reference which defies this primacy of the materials is incorrect, as is the case in the above two examples.
Then again, perhaps we cannot explain or justify it at all. For example, we often prescribe leading Cases and Commentary Materials as law texts for our students. Or we may provide students with our own cut and pasted, though always correctly copyrighted and attributed, materials. These texts and materials will extract the most relevant sections of cases and other materials – perhaps journal articles and books as well. They will then provide commentary on the extracted materials. It is here that the purity of the argument of reviewing the source primary material falls away. Indeed it is commonly accepted that students using prescribed Cases and Commentary text books will not examine the actual case extracted in the text – unless they are asked to. After all that is the point of such a text. We prescribe them because we assume they correctly extract the law – or at least that someone somewhere has checked that this has been done.[18] It therefore stands to reason that the citation of a case found in such a text will not refer to that text – that is assumed. So, for example a student referring to a case they may have found in Laying Down the Law[19] (let us say the case of Re Wakim: Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511 on page 262 of the 10th edition) is neither expected to locate, read and reference that case nor to cite the text the student found it in. Rather it is sufficient to cite the case without such extra exertion (oddly enough this would be unacceptable for the citation of a book or article or non-primary source in that same text).
See above.
It does not help our law students that we
ignore the fact that some citation style rules are largely inexplicable and out
of date
with practice. As I observed in the first
article[20] our focus as legal
academics is ‘...upon ‘the rules’ and the identification of
‘correct’ and ‘incorrect’
behaviour. It follows that, as
guardians of the legal tradition, we are inclined to fervently embrace both
rules of citation and
penalties for plagiarism.’ I should have added to
that statement that in so doing we fail in our duty to critique referencing
rules and thus leave law students with the impression that stupid citation rules
are part of good legal
writing.[21]
From the plethora of citation rules I could choose let me select one. The AGLC says, ‘[a] source should only be cited [as Internet Material] if it does not exist in a published form’. [22] This means material located on the Internet cannot be cited as such if it exists in an inert form elsewhere. So for example in relation to journal articles the AGLC prescribes that ‘[I]f an article appears in a printed journal, even where a similar version is available online, the printed journal should be cited instead...’.[23] There is no requirement stated in the AGLC that both citations (electronic and inert) must be included in the citation, nor is there a clarity around which version must be physically looked at. This is despite good legal referencing practice being that any version cited is the one that has been used by the author. Perhaps this rule addresses the problem identified above – that a student will not have to show that they have obtained a statute, case or journal article from the internet if it is accessible in another form but if this is the intent it is not clear.
We must remember that citation style is neither set nor ordained. Legal citation rules are in constant evolution and necessarily subject to ongoing amendment and revision. Style guides are created by organisations and, at least in Australia, are a relatively recent innovation.[25] By way of example, in 1997 the NSW Law Society supported the medium neutral universal citation system for judgments, [26] today, this is an essential part of judgement citation. Legal style guides must move with the times and provide up to date rules on citation of Facebook, You Tube, Twitter – all of which may be cited in court and in academic work.
Pointing out quirky or even undesirable legal citation rules allows academics to communicate this point to students. We can use this as a tool to assist our students not to think of the discipline as “all knowing” and something outside of themselves but rather as a discipline of which they are a part. In turn this facilitates a view of themselves as in control and having something to offer, as the discipline is neither innately correct nor uniform. It is capable of improvement. We can use a constructive appreciation of very odd and inconvenient AGLC style rules to illustrate that nought is perfect. To highlight that, as members of the discipline, we and our students may both applaud the prevailing AGLC style guide as well as criticise, and thus not become a slave to its rhythm.[27]
This will assist to break down barriers to encouraging legal referencing. One such barrier is that the overwhelming majority of Australian law students probably dislike referencing.[28] The reasons are apparent – it is time consuming, difficult and requires patience and accuracy. Therefore critiquing very odd and inconvenient rules of citation which make referencing even harder and much more time consuming should be pointed out to students, critiqued and revised. One excellent example of a time consuming and unnecessary AGLC rule is that which prescribed reversal of first and last author name order in footnotes as opposed to bibliographies. In a footnote the AGLC states that authors names must be first and surnames last – in a bibliography it is the reverse.[29] While this rule is not difficult and even handy when one is glancing through a bibliography the practical effect is a ridiculous amount of additional work for students and academics alike. It eradicates efficiencies of copying, cutting and pasting a bibliography from footnotes. Instead it requires – depending upon the size of your bibliography a vast amount of additional name reordering – easily eradicated by having last names first in footnotes.
Part 3 Mixed citation messages: the profession and the academy
Yarbrough, writing in the United States context has identified the ‘mixed messages’ academics and other members of the legal profession pass onto law students arguing that the ‘...issue of plagiarism serves as one example of the growing, and often unexplained, chasm between the values of law professors and those of the legal profession.’[30] Yarbrough goes onto give examples such as the ‘..circulation and reuse of documents and the use of forms is an acknowledged and accepted practice within the legal community.’[31] And suggests that ‘we need to clean up our own house’[32] Such difference has also been observed in the Australian context.[33] This Part provides two examples of mixed messages that Australian law students may receive from academics and the profession.This is an obvious mixed message. It is also one over which students may be less likely to suffer confusion, after all we in the academy are very clear about our preference. Put simply, ‘...although in-text citations are fairly common in legal memos and factums, footnotes are the preferred method of citation used at law school.’[34]
It is stated that an ideal law school plagiarism policy would address the complications created by ‘the lower plagiarism standards of legal practice’.[35] Conversely it is noted that ‘[O]n e of the most significant complaints among practicing attorneys is that newly admitted lawyers are not effective writers.’[36] These apparently contradictory observations confirm that different norms apply across the different contexts of the discipline of law.
This is legitimate. A judgment fulfils a very different purpose to an essay at a university which serves a different purpose to a letter of advice to a client. It is therefore appropriate that the rules and standards of citation differ. For example, the judge is not expected to produce original scholarship.[37] His Honour Stephen Gageler recently commented on the proliferation of footnotes in judgments, observing that the first footnotes appeared in a High Court judgment in 1990 and revealing his own attitude to footnotes to be:[38]
If footnotes were a rational form of communication, Darwinian selection would have resulted in the eyes being set vertically rather than on [a] horizontal plane.
The problem is not that such difference exists but that we, in our efforts to take the moral highground on plagiarism and correct attribution of sources, fail to point out to our students the ambiguity and inconsistency across our discipline. It is almost as if any admission of weakness is personally and professionally unfit. Instead of this approach I would urge us, as legal educators to come clean. To say we are unsure when we are unsure, to note to students that what they are doing has a specific social context within the university system that they may never have to utilise again – with the AGLC upon graduation becoming exiled to the annals of a one-time shared and forgotten history - unless one becomes a legal academic.[39]
Difference should also not be overstated. The essence of legal referencing is integrity and honesty. As Thomas observes when examining the values of the academy and the courts, the[40]
...nomothetic values expoused by each institution, while not wholly co-extensive, nonetheless overlap in the context of involving an obligation of honesty (albeit instantiated under different norms) and a requirement of adherence to institutional practices and values. The failure of students to abide by the norms of the university not surprisingly raises suspicions that they might be disinclined to adhere fully to the norms of legal practice.
As is similarly stated in Re OG (A Lawyer) in order to practice law ‘..the need for honesty has never been in doubt’. [41] There have been reports of courts in the United States ‘losing patience with attorneys and their poor writing skills’ to the extent that ‘a bankruptcy attorney in Minnesota was reprimanded for unprofessional conduct and ordered to pay court costs after repeatedly filing documents the court considered ‘unintelligible’ because they contained numerous spelling and typographical errors.’[42] AGLC aside, perhaps then we are more similar than we think.
Conclusion
My initial title for this article was ‘Hyperbole, Hysteria, Hype and
Hyprocisy: Plagiarism and the Legal Academy’. While
rejecting the title
as too over-stimulating for the reader, my purpose remains the same, one of
identifying the inconsistencies,
ambiguities and contradictions of referencing
and citation standards within the discipline of law. The argument I made in
the
first article titled ‘Teaching Plagiarism’ has now been more
pithily put by Vardi as ‘[P]lacing the correct use
of referencing
conventions within the same moral framework as cheating is akin to placing the
correct use of grammar and punctuation
conventions within such a moral
framework’.[43] In this second
follow on article the title ‘Learning Plagiarism’ reflects what I
see as a gap in legal education: we
expect students to learn how to avoid
plagiarism without acknowledging (and perhaps even hiding) firstly, the
inadequacies of existing
rules of citation and style requirements and secondly,
the differences in standards in the wider profession. I think that to implicitly
understand such nuances and complexities law students really must be special.
I believe that acknowledgment of flaws in legal referencing and citation
style will assist our students to reference more carefully
and with more
enjoyment. Law has a perhaps unwarranted reputation for being dense, boring and
difficult. If, as Charles Dickens
writes in Oliver Twist that,
... “If the law supposes that," said Mr. Bumble, "the
law is an ass, a idiot."
...[44]
students must feel
that there is little hope in attaining the inherent possibilities of law in
terms of law reform, access to justice
and notions of social equity and the
enhancement of aspects such as the rule of law. We can use critique of legal
citation style
and referencing to take the inherent assumptions students have
– that law ‘is an ass’, that as a discipline the
law itself is
‘all knowing’ as well as being boring and something to be fearful of
- and to replace those beliefs with
a feeling that they as individuals are in
control, that the law is a tool which is constructed by society and which they
have the
power to engage with and to deconstruct. We can do this by starting
with critical thought around rules and principles of legal citation.
By so
doing we can instil in our students a belief that they are part of a nuanced and
complex discipline to which they now belong.
It may even assist them to see
that they are the ones who have the choice to either make the law an ‘ass
or an idiot’
or to use it as positive tool for social justice and reform.
We could start with the question as to whether there is any need for
citation
rules at all – as we presuppose there is - and whether the AGLC achieves
optimal results – as we seem to think
it does. And herein lies the
challenge – how to encourage students to engage with the very reason they
should use footnotes
– to question the citation rules they are learning.
My hope is that such a shift in approach will make legal referencing very
interesting indeed.
[*] This paper was supported by ARC
Grant LP130100382 ‘Re-inventing authority and integrity of primary legal
sources for the online
world, using free access to make the legal system more
efficient and just’ granted to Prof Andrew Mowbray ; Prof Graham Greenleaf
; Prof Dan Svantesson ; Prof Anita Stuhmcke ; Prof Jill Hunter ; Mr David Mason
; Mr John Butera ; Ms Lyn Newlands ; Mr Andrew Phelan
; Mr Grant Riethmuller ;
Ms Stacey Talbot ; Ms Lorraine Atkinson. Thank you to the anonymous reviewers
for their comments and to
my colleague at UTS Lesley Townsely for her input into
this paper. I have tried my best in what follows to conform to AGLC style...all
errors are of course mine and certainly not attributable to referees, colleagues
or the style guide.
[1] See Ian
Freckleton, ‘Plagiarism in Law and Medicine: Challenges for Scholarship,
Academia, Publishers and regulators’
(2010) 17 Journal of Law and
Medicine 645, footnote 6; David Kaposi and Pippa Dell, ‘Discourses of
plagiarism: moralist, proceduralist, developmental and inter-textual’
33
(6) (2012) British Journal of Sociology of Education 813, 828 (stating
that a finding of plagiarism ‘is not being a straightforward empirical
matter).
[2] Craig Zimitat,
‘Plagiarism across the academic disciplines’ (Paper presented at
35th HERDSA Annual International Conference, Hobart, 2-5 July 2012)
<http://www.herdsa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/conference/2012/HERDSA_2012_Zimitat.pdf>
.
[3]
The Australian Universities Quality Agency audit in 2010 found within a single
university inconsistent practice in the application
of academic honesty
information and testing across faculties as well as potentially inconsistent
application of penalties: Australian
Universities Quality Agency, Report of
an Audit of La Trobe University 2.6.5; see also Tracey Bretag, Saadia
Mahmud, Margaret Wallace, Ruth Walker, Colin James, Margaret Green, Julianne
East, Ursula McGowan
and Lee Partridge, ‘Core elements of exemplary
academic integrity policy in Australian higher education’ (2011) 7(2)
International Journal for Educational Integrity
3-12.
[4] Colin G James,
‘Copy and be Damned – The Anxieties of Academic Integrity’
(January 18, 2013) SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2497917.
[5]
Mary Wyburn, ‘Disclosure of prior student academic misconduct in admission
to legal practice: Lessons for universities and
the courts’ (2008) 8(2)
Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 314; Colin James &
Saadia Mahmud, ‘Promoting academic integrity in legal education
‘Unanswered questions’ on disclosure’
(2014) 10
International Journal for Educational Integrity 3
.
[6] I use this term
interchangeably with ‘legal educators’ throughout this piece –
and even sometimes in the same sentence
for emphasis.
[7] Dale Spender,
‘Plagiarism and Plausibility’ (Speech delivered at the UTS Academic
Board; thinking about plagiarism, UTS
Sydney, 21 April 2004).
<http://www.gsu.uts.edu.au/academicboard/forums/plagiarism/documents/spender.pdf>
15; see also ‘Just Plain Bad Manners’ (2007) Sydney Morning
Herald October 29.
[8] Kaposi,
above n 1, 814.
[9] James, in a
study reporting on interviews with 12 legal academics and professional staff
revealed staff to be ‘unclear about
the handling of disclosure of
breaches’: James, above n 4; Vera Bermingham, Susan Watson and Martin
Jones, ‘Plagiarism
in UK Law Schools: is there a postcode lottery?’
(2010) 35(1) Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education
1.
[10] Anita Stuhmcke,
Teaching Plagiarism: Law Students Really Are That Special’ (2011) 1
Journal of the Australasian Law Teachers Association
137.
[11] Ibid,
138.
[12] Michelle Evans,
‘Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct by Law Students: The Importance of
Prevention over Detection’ [2012] IntJlLawEdu 14; (2012) 17(2) International Journal of Law
& Education 99.
[13]
Gail Tom and Norm Borin, ‘Cheating in Academe’ (2010) 63(4)
Journal of Education for Business 153,
157.
[14] Susan Blum,
‘Academic Integrity and Student Plagiarism: A Question of Education, Not
Ethics’, The Chronicle of Higher Education (online), February 20,
2009
<http://chronicle.com/article/Academic-IntegrityStud/32323/>
.
[15] University of Melbourne,
‘Functions of footnotes in Legal Academic Writing’,
<http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/LAWresources/documents/footnotes-function.pdf>
.
[16]
As a colleague reminded me here what alerts her to a student not having read a
case is the lack of pinpojnt references and/or a broad
statement or summary of
the law without reference to the passage that was extrapolated from. She notes
that this renders her much
more suspicious in this circumstance than in the 2
examples given below.
[17] I
would colour this sentence lavender if I could - irony has been characterised as
the colour lavender: Lester Haines, ‘The
color of irony’ (1 February
2001) The Register
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/01/the_color_of_irony/>
.
[18] Here I
‘Googled’, “How do we know that materials extracted in legal
cases and commentary texts are correct?”
and the search removed my
question mark. Apparently there is no question that legal cases and commentary
texts are correct.
[19] Catriona
Cook, Robin Creyke, Robert Geddes, David Hamer and Tristan Taylor, Laying
Down the Law (9th ed, 2015).
[20] Stuhmcke, above n 10.
[21] Yes, I agree with you
reader that the use of the term ‘stupid’ in this sentence is
ill-advised. However I choose to keep
it in to make the point that some citation
rules really are stupid.
[22]
Melbourne University Law Review Association, Australian Guide
to Legal Citation (3rd ed, 2010)
116.
[23] Ibid,
87.
[24] The clever reader may
have noticed that here I am actually sneaking in two examples of stupid citation
rules. In my defence there
are so many to choose from it is hard to resist.
[25] Stuhmcke, above n 10.
[26] Law Society Journal, NSW,
‘Society asked to support standardised citation system for
judgments’ (1997) 35(7) Law Society Journal,
80.
[27] Michael Jackson,
‘Slave to the Rhythm’ Xscape (5th song, 2014)
(note the citation style is ‘made up’ by me as the AGLC is not
illuminative on this
source).
[28] This is based upon
the United Kingdom, see Colin Neville, The Complete Guide to Referencing and
Avoiding Plagiarism (2nd ed., McGraw Hill, 2010)
5.
[29] Melbourne University Law
Review Association, above n 21, Part
1.
[30] Marilyn V Yarbrough,
‘Do as I say, Not as I do: Mixed Messages for Law Students’ (1996)
100 (3) Dickinson Law Review 677,
678.
[31]
Ibid.
[32] Ibid,
683.
[33] Mary Wyburn, ‘The
Confusion in Defining Plagiarism in Legal Education and Legal Practice in
Australia’ (2009) 7(1) Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education
37. Again I thank my generous colleague for the point that this may be an
unfair comparison as academic writing and writing for legal
practice have
different purposes.
[34]
uOttowa, Legal Citations – Citing Legal Sources: Footnotes (10
September 2014)
<http://web5.uottawa.ca/www2/rl-lr/eng/legal-citations/1_4-citing_foonotes.html>
.
[35]
Administration [2000] LegEdDig 2; (2000) 8(3) Legal Education Digest, 2 reviewing ‘T
Le Clerq, ‘Failure to teach: due process and law school plagiarism’
(1999) 49 Journal of Legal Education
236-255’.
[36] Megan E Boyd
and Adam Lamparello, ‘Legal Writing for the “Real World”: A
Practical Guide to Success’ (2013) 46 John Marshall Law Review 487
.
[37] Carol M Bast and Linda B
Samuels, ‘Plagiarism and Legal Scholarship in the Age of Information
Sharing: The Need for Intellectual
Honesty’ (2008) 57 Catholic
University Law Review 777 at 800 citing Richard Posner The Little Book of
Plagiarism (Pantheon Books,
2007)
[38] The Honourable Stephen
Gageler, ‘Information Technology and the Common Law’ (2014)
<http://www.acla.com.au/documents/item/1262>
at footnote 17, citing Albert Mikva, "Goodbye to Footnotes" (1985) 56
University of Colorado Law Review 647 at 648 see also Stephen Gageler
‘What is Information Technology Doing to the Common Law?’ (2014) 39
Australian Bar Review 146, 158.
[40]
Mark Thomas, ‘Admission as a Lawyer: The Fearful Spectre of Academic
Misconduct’ (2013) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Review
73, 97.
[41] [2007] VSC 520
[123].
[42] Christ Hall Benson,
‘The Consequences of Bad Legal Writing’ Paralegal Today
(online), March/April 2007.
[43]
Iris Vardi, ‘Developing students’ referencing skills: a matter of
plagiarism, punishment and morality of learning to
write critically?’
(2012) 31(6) Higher Education Research & Development 921, 929.
[44] Charlies Dickens, Oliver Twist, (Penguin Books Limited, 1970) 498.
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